Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601Report of the Second Conference on Diabetes and Ramadan, Iran, Mashhad, 20178384906110.22038/jfh.2017.9061ENRauf Saeb Ali AkbarManaging Director of Paramedical Diabetes Center and Conducting a ConferenceJournal Article20170615The phrase " va man kan marizan " on the fasting of the holy month of Ramadan in the verse of 185 of the Qur'anic Surah, followed by the phrase "Yaridullah Bekem Alisar va Yerido bekom alosr", is undoubtedly a major task of medical scientific assemblies. To conduct comprehensive and evidence-based studies, firstly, should determine the course of fasting in patients, and, second, patients who may be able to fast, prepare for Ramadan, and support and monitor them during the fasting month of Ramadan. This important issue for diabetics is of particular importance due to epidemiological and demographic issues.Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601Ramadan Fasting and Thyroid Function8586909010.22038/jfh.2017.24884.1090ENSayed Alireza MirsaneSurgical Technologist, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.Shima ShafaghGeneral Surgery Specialist Medical School Kashan University of Medical Science Kashan I R IRANNasrin OraeiLecturer of Education Office, Esfahan, IranJournal Article20170712Fasting is one of Islamic Five Pillars and it is an Islamic obligations. Even though fasting during Ramadan month is an obligatory, if this obligatory has dangerous effects on the human health, it is forbidden. In On the other hand, atypical levels of thyroid hormones can create serious problems for human body and normal range of these hormones is indicative of good thyroid function. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of fasting during Ramadan on the thyroid hormones levels. With regards to studied results, it can be stated that fasting in Ramadan has not undesirable effects on thyroid hormones, but for people with thyroid diseases like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, who are intending to fast during Ramadan, it was recommended that before and during fasting, they consult with endocrinologist.It should be noted that this matter needs to have multiple researches, thus, it was recommended to conduct more study, in order to obtain the comprehensive outcomes.Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601The effect of Islamic Fasting in Ramadan on Osteoporosis7477902910.22038/jfh.2017.22955.1086ENSeyed Mohammad Amin KormiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of IranShima ArdehkhaniInstitute of Social Security & Welfare Applied Science Higher Education Tehran Province, University of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad Amin KerachianMedical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170416Osteoporosis is considered as one of the most common diseases that women face after their menopause and is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) gene is one of the important genetic factors contributing in osteoporosis which has a direct and very important relationship with fasting. Fasting is one of the alternatives proved to reduce the DPP-4 level and activate the Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and so, prevent osteoporosis. On the other hand, the circadian rhythm has a direct relationship with osteoporosis. This has been found by the biochemical markers, indicating that fasting at certain hours of the day, especially during those hours of the day which are recommended as part of the Muslim tradition, is very effective in reducing the effects of osteoporosis.Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601Recent Advances in Possible Effects of Bread Types and Enrichment on Appetite during Ramadan Fasting8798909110.22038/jfh.2017.25045.1092ENSara MovahedMD, PhD candidate, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, IranMohsen NematyDepartment of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Endoscopic & Minimally Invasive Surgery, and Cancer Research Centers, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran0000-0003-3202-2709Sara Baghban TaraghdariGraduate Student of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, IranMohammad Reza AmiryousefiPhD in Food Engineering, Post-doctoral Researcher in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170718<strong>Introduction:</strong> Bread is the staple food of most Muslims and can be considered to be a component with a remarkable effect on satiety and appetite during Ramadan fasting. This study aimed to present the recent advances in investigating the effect of different types of bread and enrichments on satiety and appetite. <strong>Methods:</strong> In this paper, articles focusing on the effect of various bread types (including enriched bread) on satiety and appetite, particularly during fasting were reviewed. Articles were found in databases such as ISI, PubMed and Google Scholar. <strong>Results:</strong> Different bread types with lower glycemic index are recommended for Ramadan fasting, especially for the Sahur meal, due to better satiety and sglycemic control. In addition, fermentable dietary fibers, such as arabinoxylans, β-glucan, fructans, and resistant starch, can influence appetite through fermentation in the colon by saccharolytic bacteria and gastrointestinal tract releasing hormones changes. Consumption of wholemeal bread results in the moderation of satiety and starvation. Barely, oat and rye breads demonstrate the better improvement of satiety compared to white wheat bread due to their higher fiber content, probiotic ingredients and steadier glycemia. On the other hand, use of protein-rich breads can result in delayed gastric emptying, steadier insulin levels and higher satiety. Beta-glucan enrichment shows similar significant results in terms of reducing hunger and increasing satiety by influencing the appetite and satiety and regulating hormones such as insulin, ghrelin and PYY. Fiber enrichment and probiotics (Fructo-oligosaccharides/Inulin) could also be considered in this regard. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> During Ramadan fasting, barley bread, oat bread and wholegrain wheat bread could be suggested as the preferred bread types to be incorporated into the main meals to improve satiety and decrease hunger feeling.Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601Oxidative Stress and Ramadan Observance; A Possible Influence of Associated Dieting6373888310.22038/jfh.2017.23493.1087ENRJ ShephardFaculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaJournal Article20170510<strong>Introduction:</strong> The effects of Ramadan observance and any associated dietary restriction upon oxidative stress are not well known. The topic has thus been examined in a brief systematic review of available literature concerning non-athletic but otherwise healthy subjects, patients with selected clinical conditions, and in athletes. <strong>Methods:</strong> Ovid/Medline and Google searches were supplemented by a perusal of reference lists in papers thus identified. <strong>Results:</strong> Ramadan observance and associated dietary restrictions are generally associated with a decrease of body mass in non-athletic adults, and in patients with conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. During Ramadan, measures of oxidative stress (particularly malondialdehyde and F2 isoprostanes) are consistently decreased, antioxidant status (particularly levels of peroxidases, uric acid and reduced glutathione) are enhanced and inflammatory reactions (particularly c-reactive protein, IL-6 and TNF-a) are decreased in association with decreases in body mass. Perhaps because of lower initial body weights and greater dietary control during Ramadan, changes of oxidant status are more variable in athletes; in 3 of 7 studies, Ramadan observance had little effect on oxidant status, and in 2 reports there was some deterioration. In 3 of 4 studies where athletes underwent short-term dieting, there was also no improvement of antioxidant status. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Ramadan observance and any associated dieting reduce oxidative stress in non-athletic individuals, apparently in association with decreases of body mass. In athletes, oxidant levels are generally unchanged during Ramadan, and if food intake is maintained they may even increase. More information is needed upon possible adverse health consequences, but chronic risks are probably small because any changes are limited to one month per year.Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Intra Ocular Pressure Changes in Healthy Subjects7882897310.22038/jfh.2017.24204.1088ENRahil Karimi RadNutrition Research Group, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMohsen NematyDepartment of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Endoscopic & Minimally Invasive Surgery, and Cancer Research Centers, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Paradise Daneshgah, Azadi Square, Mashad, Iran0000-0003-3202-2709Mohamad-Reza SedaghatAssociate Professor of Ophthalmology, Cornea Research Center, Khatam Al Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranFarshad AskarizadePhD Candidate in Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranTahereh RakhshandadiDepartment of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranZahra MahmoudiMSc Student of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMehrane MehramizNutrition Research Group, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJavad HeravianProfessor of Optometry ,Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170611<strong>Introduction:</strong> Annually, millions of Muslims all over the world observe the fasting rules based on its measures; this highlights the importance of studies in this field as a worthwhile model for intermittent fasting. It is obvious that changes in lifestyle over fasting have outstanding effects on physiological parameters. The current study was carried out to investigate the IOP and serum electrolytes as two important factors that are influenced by human lifestyle. <strong>Methods:</strong> Eighty-nine fasting and healthy participants including men and women with mean age of 34.97 were included in our study based on the inclusion and exclusion parameters. During this project, Ramadan coincided with the summer (between June and July 2015). All participants were monitored by an expert examiner and blood samples were collected and IOP was measured by tonometer (Topcon, 1-75, Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-KU, Tokyo, Japan 2014). The participants were examined one week before and one week after Ramadan. <strong>Results:</strong> There was a significant reduction in physiological IOP in healthy people after Ramadan. In line with this, the serum electrolytes were altered by fasting so that Na, K, Se experienced a significant decrease while serum phosphorous increased (P<0.05). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Prolonged intermittent fasting in Ramadan changed IOP and serum electrolytes in healthy people within a normal range.Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601The Effects of Islamic Fasting on Blood Hematological-Biochemical Parameters5662863710.22038/jfh.2017.22778.1085ENMohamad Reza SedaghatCornea Research Center, Khatam‐Al‐Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-8493-6241Farshad AskarizadehPhD student of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJavad HeravianDepartment of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranTahereh RakhshandadiDepartment of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMohsen NematyDepartment of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Endoscopic & Minimally Invasive Surgery, and Cancer Research Centers, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Paradise Daneshgah, Azadi Square, Mashad, Iran0000-0003-3202-2709Zahra MahmoodiMSc student of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranFatemeh ShahsavanNutrition research group, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMaryam Sadat Amirkalali SijavandiNutrition research group, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170330<strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Introduction</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">: </span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Fasting during the month of Ramadan is obligatory for healthy Muslims after the age of puberty. This paper was aimed to compare the changes in hematological and biochemical parameters before and after Ramadan.</span><br /> <strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Methods:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This prospective study was performed one week before and one week after the month of Ramadan in 2015. Eighty-nine subjects (51males and 38 females) with a mean age of 34.52±9.05 were enrolled in this study. Patients with systemic disorder, special drug using, and/or a history of previous surgery were excluded. Blood samples were taken from all participants before and after Ramadan to evaluate the effects of fasting on hematological-biochemical factors. Hematological and biochemical measurements were performed on the blood samples using a KX-21N cell counter (Kobe, Japan) and Hitachi 717 analyzer (Roche, Japan), respectively.</span><br /> <strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC) and Mean Red Cell Volume (MCV) decreased after Ramadan fasting (P= 0.002, P= 0.030 and P= 0.005, respectively), however mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P=0.004, P=0.002, respectively). On the other hand, no changes were seen in hemoglobin, platelets and white blood cell (WBC) after Ramadan (P=0.900, P=0.923, P=0.282, P=0.300, respectively).</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In this study, fasting led to decrease in uric acid, creatinine, selenium, sodium and potassium (P=0.00, P=0.015, P=0.021, 0.007 and 0.028, respectively), however, phosphor serum increased after fasting period (P=0.032). Moreover, no changes were seen in other biochemical parameters including fast blood sugar (FBS), urea, calcium, iron, zinc, and albumin (P= 0.54, P=0.300, P=0.054, P=0.372, P=0.170, and P=0.400, respectively).</span><br /> <strong><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Conclusion:</span></strong><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This study on healthy subjects suggests that fasting could affect some hematological-biochemical parameters but not all of them. Also, these changes in hematological-biochemical parameters were within the normal range and Ramadan fasting seems to be safe for healthy subjects.</span>Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health2821-27465220170601Effect of Intermittent Fasting during Ramadan on Visfatin, Adiponectin and Tumor necrotizing Factor- Alpha in Healthy Muslim Individuals5055876010.22038/jfh.2017.22719.1084ENEisa SafaviDepartment of Labaratory Technology, Paramedical Faculty, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, I.R. IranAli RezaRahbarDepartment of Nutrition, Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, I.R. Iran0000-0002-2928-9165Journal Article20170327<strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Introduction</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;">:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fasting in Ramadan on visfatin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin level in human. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Methods:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Thirty four men aged 24 to 55 years old were selected from those people who were willing to fast in Ramadan. The blood sample was obtained from each participant in fasting state at the beginning and the end of study to determine serum visfatin, adiponectin and TNF-α. Paired T test was used to identify differences between beginning and the end of the study in serum visfatin, adiponectin and TNF-α. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt;">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Results showed a significant decrease in Visfatin after study. There were no significant changes in adiponectin and TNF-α during Ramadan fasting. </span><strong><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Conclusion:</span></strong><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">It is concluded that fasting in Ramadan is beneficial to health and can ameliorate some inflammatory markers in fasting individuals.</span>