The Occurrence and Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables, Fruits, Tea Samples Marketed Iran: A Systematic Review

Document Type : Review Article

Author

Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Cultivation of vegetables and fruits is a main food sources for human population. However, these products can be polluted by different types of contaminates like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Thus, this systematic review served as a comprehensive report on the occurrence, levels, and health risk effects of PAHs in vegetables and fruits samples marketed in Iran. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were used to develop this systematic review, and four databases (Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Google scholar) were searched from inception until November 2021. A total of 12 studies with data on 1447 samples were met inclusion criteria and included in the final report. The average total PAHs recorded in various samples showed that PAHs concentration in most of the samples was above the standard limits and the mean CRs ranged from low to very high levels of health risks for both children and adults, which is associated with harmful epidemiological and environmental effects. Therefore, there is the need to take up the bodies or institutions involved in policy implementation and environmental management to reduce and prevent PAHs pollution agriculture products in Iran. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.

Keywords

References

  1. Rezayi M, Heng LY, Abdi MM, Noran NM, Esmaeili C. A thermodynamic study on the complex formation between tris (2-Pyridyl) methylamine (tpm) with Fe 2, Fe 3, Cu 2 and Cr 3 cations in water, acetonitrile binary solutions using the conductometric method. Int J Electrochem Sci, 2013; 8: 6922-32.
  2. Tehrani GM, Sany SB, Hashim R, Salleh A. Predictive environmental impact assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbons in petrochemical wastewater effluent and surface sediment. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75(2): 177.
  3. Kalteh S, Rastkari N, Shamsipour M, Alimohammadi M, Yunesian M. Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via dietary intake of leafy vegetables. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 2020:1-16.
  4. Bahrami S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B. Evaluation, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and vegetable of Ahvaz metropolis. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2021; 27(1): 71-100.
  5. Sany SB, Narimani L, Soltanian FK, Hashim R, Rezayi M, Karlen DJ, Mahmud HE. An overview of detection techniques for monitoring dioxin-like compounds: latest technique trends and their applications. RSC Advances. 2016; 6(60): 55415-29.
  6. Khorasani MY, Langari H, Sany SB, Rezayi M, Sahebkar A. The role of curcumin and its derivatives in sensory applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;103:109792.
  7. Khalili F, Shariatifar N, Dehghani MH, Yaghmaeian K, Nodehi RN, Yaseri M. The Analysis and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Vegetables and Fruits Samples Marketed Tehran With Chemometric Approach. 2020.
  8. Hashemi M, Sadeghi A, Saghi M, Aminzare M, Raeisi M, Rezayi M, Sany SB. Health risk assessment for human exposure to trace metals and arsenic via consumption of hen egg collected from largest poultry industry in Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;188(2):485-93.
  9. Bonwick GA, Birch CS. European regulation of process contaminants in food. 2019.
  10. Urban M, Lesueur C. Comparing d-SPE sorbents of the QuEChERS extraction method and EMR-lipid for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) in food of animal and plant origin. Food Anal Methods. 2017;10(7):2111-24.
  11. Lee JG, Suh JH, Yoon HJ. Occurrence and risk characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of edible oils by the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. Appl Biol Chem. 2019;62(1):1-11.
  12. Sany SB, Tajfard M, Rezayi M, Rahman MA, Hashim R. The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. InWorld seas: An environmental evaluation. 2019; 437-58;. Academic Press.
  13. Shariatifar N, Moazzen M, Arabameri M, Moazzen M, Khaniki GJ, Sadighara P. Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible mushrooms (raw, grilled and fried) using MSPE-GC/MS method: a risk assessment study. Appl Biol Chem. 2021;64(1):1-11.
  14. Peyman N, Sany SB, Tajfard M, Hashim R, Rezayi M, Karlen DJ. The status and characteristics of eutrophication in tropical coastal water. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2017;19(8):1086-103.
  15. Tehrani GM, Rosli H, Sulaiman AH, Sany BT, Salleh A, Owfi F, Savari A, Jazani RK, Tehrani ZH. Petroleum hydrocarbon assessment in the wastewaters of petrochemical special economic zone and sediment benchmark calculation of the coastal area-northwest of the Persian Gulf. Iran J Fish Sci. 2014;13(1):119-34.
  16. Fleming PS, Koletsi D, Pandis N. Blinded by PRISMA: are systematic reviewers focusing on PRISMA and ignoring other guidelines?. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96407.
  17. Ofori SA, Cobbina SJ, Doke DA. The occurrence and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in African environments- a systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2020;27(26):32389-431.
  18. Taghizadeh SF, Azizi M, Rezaee R, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and metals in olive: analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021:1-9.
  19. Yousefi M, Shemshadi G, Khorshidian N, Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi V, Fakhri Y, Hosseini H, Khaneghah AM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of edible vegetable oils in Iran: a risk assessment study. FoodChem Toxicol. 2018;118:480-9.
  20. Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Azizi M, Hayes AW, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Pesticides, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in date fruits: A probabilistic assessment of risk to health of Iranian consumers. J Food Compost Anal. 2021;98:103815.
  21. Roudbari A, Nazari RR, Shariatifar N, Moazzen M, Abdolshahi A, Mirzamohammadi S, Madani-Tonekaboni M, Delvarianzadeh M, Arabameri M. Concentration and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial tea and coffee samples marketed in Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28(4):4827-39.
  22. Khiadani M, Amin MM, Momen Beik F, Ebrahimi A, Farhadkhani M, Mohammadi Moghadam F. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in eight brands of black tea which are used more in Iran. Int J Environ Health Eng. 2013;2(1).
  23. Fahimdanesh M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon determination by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in olive oils on the iranian market.
  24. Taghvaee Z, Piravivanak Z, Rezaei K, Faraji M. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive and refined pomace olive oils with modified low temperature and ultrasound-assisted liquid–liquid extraction method followed by the HPLC/FLD. Food Analytical Methods. 2016;9(5):1220-7.
  25. Asfaram A, Dil EA, Arabkhani P, Sadeghfar F, Ghaedi M. Magnetic Cu: CuO-GO nanocomposite for efficient dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from vegetable, fruit, and environmental water samples by liquid chromatographic determination. Talanta. 2020;218:121131.
  26. Sampaio GR, Guizellini GM, da Silva SA, de Almeida AP, Pinaffi-Langley AC, Rogero MM, de Camargo AC, Torres EA. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation. Int J MolSci. 2021;22(11):6010.
  27. Jia J, Bi C, Zhang J, Jin X, Chen Z. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables near industrial areas of Shanghai, China: Sources, exposure, and cancer risk. Environ Pollut. 2018;241:750-8.
  28. Mohammed S, Obiri S, Ansa-Asare OD, Dartey G, Kuddy R, Appiah S. Assessment of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables from farms in Accra, Ghana. Environ Monit Assess. 2019;191(7):1-5.
  29. Pandey MK, Mishra KK, Khanna SK, Das M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commonly consumed edible oils and their likely intake in the Indian population. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2004;81(12):1131-6.
  30. Ciecierska M, Obiedziński MW. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils from unconventional sources. Food Control. 2013;30(2):556-62.
  31. Londoño VA, Reynoso CM, Resnik SL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) survey on tea (Camellia sinensis) commercialized in Argentina. Food Control. 2015;50:31-7.
  32. Thi LA, Ngoc NT, Quynh NT, Van Thanh N, Kim TT, Anh DH, Viet PH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dry tea leaves and tea infusions in Vietnam: contamination levels and dietary risk assessment. Environ Geochem Health. 2020:1-11.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 December 2021
  • Revise Date: 15 December 2021
  • Accept Date: 18 December 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics