Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health

Journal of Nutrition,Fasting and Health

The Occurrence and Toxicity of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Foodstuffs Collected From Different Cities of Iran: A Systematic Review

Document Type : Review Article

Author
Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
10.22038/jnfh.2022.63878.1379
Abstract
Dioxins compounds are persistent organic contaminants that adversely affect human health and the environmental system. Although the occurrence and toxicity of dioxins congeners are reported worldwide, their status in Iran is very scarce, and no study has been conducted to understand the evidence for occurrence and toxicity of dioxins compounds in Iran yet. Therefore, this systematic review provided a comprehensive report on the levels, occurrence, and health outcome effects of dioxins and dioxin-like Polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in foodstuffs collected from different cities of Iran. We used The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) to design this review, and six databases (Scopus, Scientific Information Database (SID), PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception until January 2022. A total of 9 articles with data on 396 food samples were considered for the final report. The total toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) was ranged from 0.06 ± 0.02 to 15.72 ±16.38 and the mean total dioxin congeners levels in most of the samples were below the standard limits and the measured intake levels of dioxin congeners were in the safe level. Although most of the samples did not exceed the maximum allowable thresholds, 44% of studies reported that the concentration of dioxin compounds in most of their samples was above the thresholds defined by world health organization (WHO) (3 pg TEQ/g fat). Therefore, suitable policy actions and more attention are needed to control and reduce the emission of dioxin congeners and their associated risk factors. 
Keywords
PCB
Food safety
Health risk assessment
Pollution
Public health
  1. Malisch R, Kotz A. Dioxins and PCBs in feed and food- review from European perspective. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 491: 2-10.
  2. Food, S.C.o., Opinion of the SCF on the Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in Food. 2000: European Commission.
  3. Momeniha F, Faridi S, Amini H, Shamsipour M, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Niazi S, Gohari K, Farzadfar F, Nabizadeh R, Mokammel A. Estimating national dioxins and furans emissions, major sources, intake doses, and temporal trends in Iran from 1990–2010. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2017;15(1):1-7.
  4. Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, De Vito M, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, Rose M. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.Toxicol Sci. 2006;93(2):223-41.
  5. VoPham T, Bertrand KA, Fisher JA, Ward MH, Laden F, Jones RR. Emissions of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Environ Res. 2022;204:112386.
  6. Suzuki G, Matsukami H, Michinaka C, Hashimoto S, Nakayama K, Sakai SI. Emission of dioxin-like compounds and flame retardants from commercial facilities handling deca-BDE and their downstream sewage treatment plants. J Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55(4):2324-35.
  7. Liberatori G, Mazzoli C, Ferraro F, Sturba L, Luisa VM, Baroni D, Behnisch PA, Puccini M, Vitolo S, Corsi I. Aryl hydrocarbon reporter gene bioassay for screening polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in hydrochar and sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater. 2022:128256.
  8. Peng PL, Lim LH. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. Food Anal Methods. 2022:1-20.
  9. Nøstbakken OJ, Rasinger JD, Hannisdal R, Sanden M, Frøyland L, Duinker A, Frantzen S, Dahl LM, Lundebye AK, Madsen L. Levels of omega 3 fatty acids, vitamin D, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in oily fish; a new perspective on the reporting of nutrient and contaminant data for risk–benefit assessments of oily seafood. Environ Int. 2021;147:106322.
  10. Tavakoly Sany SB. The Occurrence and Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables, Fruits, Tea Samples Marketed Iran: A Systematic Review. J Nutr Fast Health. 2021;9(4):263-71.
  11. Moher D, Altman DG, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J. PRISMA statement. Epidemiology. 2011;22(1):128.
  12. Ofori SA, Cobbina SJ, Doke DA. The occurrence and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in African environments—a systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2020;27(26):32389-431.
  13. Ahmadkhaniha R, Nodehi RN, Rastkari N, Aghamirloo HM. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in commercial pasteurized cows’ milk in Tehran, Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2017;15(1):1-6.
  14. Azarchehry SP, Ataie F, Hosseinkhani S. Determination of Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Levels in Milk Samples from Capital and North of Iran. Pollution. 2022;8(1):37-43.
  15. Bayat S, Esmaili Sari A, Bahramifar N, Younesi H, Dahmarde Behrooz R. Survey of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial pasteurized milk in Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2011;175(1):469-74.
  16. Shakoorzadeh, A., et al., Pollution analysis of pinto beans with stable organic materials in order to enhance food safety:Case study. Chloro dibenzo dioxin, 2018; 15(81): 423-429.
  17. Jirdehi ZS, Gajarbeygi P, Hosseini AH, Pakbin B, Mohammadpoorasl A, Mahmoudi R. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls Levels in Raw Cow Milk from Various Locations in Qazvin, Iran. Int J Food Nutr Saf. 2015; 6(1):42-51.
  18. Rezaei M, Khorasgani ZN, Nakisa A, Imani N, Rezaee S, Khodayar MJ, Kalantari H. Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxin Levels in Fresh Milk from the Dairy Factories of Southwest Iran. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2015;5(301):525-2161.
  19. Nakisa A, Khorasgani ZN, Rezaei M, Imani N, Rezaee S. Determination of the most toxic polychlorodibenzofurans in fresh milk from Southwest Iran. Food Sci Nutr. 2015; 6(11):955.
  20. Fathabad AE, Jafari K, Tajik H, Behmanesh M, Shariatifar N, Mirahmadi SS, Conti GO, Miri M. Comparing dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in most consumed fish species of the Caspian Sea. Environ Res. 2020;180:108878.

  • Receive Date 19 February 2022
  • Revise Date 24 February 2022
  • Accept Date 08 March 2022