The Effect of 8 Weeks of Yoga Practice with Weight along with Spirulina Supplement on Some Indicators of Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Obesity and Overweight Women

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.

3 PhD in Sports Physiology ,Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran .

10.22038/jnfh.2023.74116.1458

Abstract

Introduction: Due to the increase in the elderly population and its subsequent metabolic diseases, the need for appropriate prevention methods, such as physical activities along with safe supplements, is strongly felt. The purpose of current research is to investigate the effect of yoga practice with weight along with Spirulina supplement on some indicators of metabolic syndrome (Lipid profile) in elder women. Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 40 elderly volunteer women with a body mass index of 25-30 kg/m2 living in Bushehr were selected and randomly divided into four groups of 10 people (control, supplement (Spirulina), exercise, and exercise/supplement). The training protocol consisted of eight weeks, three sessions per week, and each session was 60 minutes. Subjects took three capsules of 500 gr Spirulina supplement thrice daily for eight weeks. Lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)) were also measured in the pretest and posttest   phases. For investigations, the continuous t-test and a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used with a significance level of P≥0.05. Results: The present study showed that doing yoga with weights along with Spirulina supplementation led to a significant decrease in total cholesterol (F=10.22), triglycerides (F=12.20), and LDL (F=16.47). In contrast, HDL increased significantly after eight weeks of exercise and supplement consumption (F = 36.02). Conclusion: The results have shown that practicing yoga with weights for 8 weeks have good effects on metabolic indicators, especially along with supplement; Data proved that using Spirulina supplement for eight weeks could not produce a desirable result.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Organization WH. World report on ageing and health: World Health Organization; 2015.
  2. Norman K, Haß U, Pirlich M. Malnutrition in Older Adults-Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2764. Published 2021 Aug 12. doi:10.3390/nu13082764
  3. Assuncao N, Sudo FK, Drummond C, de Felice FG, Mattos PJPo. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. 2018;13(3):e0194990.
  4. Zhang W, Zhao Z, Sun X, Tian XJIjoer, health p. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to absolute and relative values of muscle strength in middle-aged and elderly women. 2021;18(17):9073.
  5. Grundy SM. Metabolic Syndrome. In: Endocrinology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 1–37.
  6. Fernández‐Armenteros JM, Gómez‐Arbonés X, Buti‐Soler M, Betriu‐Bars A, Sanmartin‐Novell V, Ortega‐Bravo M, et al. Psoriasis, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors. A population‐based study. 2019;33(1):128-35.
  7. Kränkel N, Bahls M, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Adams V, Serratosa L, Solberg EE, et al. Exercise training to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: How does it work? 2019;26(7):701-8.
  8. Bragg D, Walling AJFe. Metabolic Syndrome: Hyperlipidemia. 2015;435:17-23.
  9. Zhai Y, Li D, Wu C, Wu HJL, Planning U. Urban park facility use and intensity of seniors’ physical activity–An examination combining accelerometer and GPS tracking. 2021;205:103950.
  10. Zhai Y, Li D, Wang D, Shi CJFiPH. Seniors' physical activity in neighborhood parks and park design characteristics. 2020;8:322.
  11. Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Butryn MLJAp. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. 2020;75(2):235.
  12. Brzuszkiewicz K, Rudziński G, Pożarowska K, Grunwald AJJoE, Health, Sport. Diet and physical activity in the treatment of obesity-current knowledge. 2022;12(12):180-6.
  13. Osali AJD, Syndrome M. Aerobic exercise and nano-curcumin supplementation improve inflammation in elderly females with metabolic syndrome. 2020;12:1-7.
  14. Kambic T, Šarabon N, Lainscak M, Hadžić V. Combined resistance training with aerobic training improves physical performance in patients with coronary artery disease: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Front Cardiovasc Med [Internet]. 2022;9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.909385
  15. Kob R, Bollheimer LC, Bertsch T, Fellner C, Djukic M, Sieber CC, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: molecular clues to a better understanding of its pathogenesis? 2015;16:15-29.
  16. Peltzer K, Pengpid SJAph. The association of dietary behaviors and physical activity levels with general and central obesity among ASEAN university students. 2017;4(3):301.
  17. Ghazvineh D, Daneshvar M, Basirat V, Daneshzad E. The effect of yoga on the lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Sep 2];9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.942702
  18. Motion IIRO. Yoga Or Strength Training For BJJ?
  19. Lohan AJAAIMRJ. Elevation of physical and mental strength with sports performance with traditional exercises and Yoga. 2021;11(9):496-502.
  20. Ullah H, Khan A, Daglia MJFF. The focus on foods for special medical purposes and food supplements in age‐related disorders. 2022;3(3):353-7.
  21. Kovács Z, Brunner B, Ari CJN. Beneficial effects of exogenous ketogenic supplements on aging processes and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. 2021;13(7):2197
  22. Mathur M. Bioactive molecules of Spirulina: A food supplement. In: Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 1–22.
  23. Wu Q, Liu L, Miron A, Klímová B, Wan D, Kuča KJAot. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. 2016;90:1817-40.
  24. Mirzaie S, Zirak-Khattab F, Hosseini SA, Donyaei-Darian HJA-AJoAS. Effects of dietary Spirulina on antioxidant status, lipid profile, immune response and performance characteristics of broiler chickens reared under high ambient temperature. 2018;31(4):556.
  25. Rostami HAA, Marjani A, Mojerloo M, Rahimi B, Marjani MJBJoPS. Effect of spirulina on lipid Profile, glucose and malondialdehyde levels in type 2 diabetic patients. 2022;58.
  26. Rey AI, De-Cara A, Rebolé A, Arija IJA. Short-Term Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Supplementation and Laying Hen Strain Effects on Eggs’ Lipid Profile and Stability. 2021;11(7):1944.
  27. Bobescu E, Bălan A, Moga MA, Teodorescu A, Mitrică M, Dima L. Are There Any Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation for Metabolic Syndrome Components in Postmenopausal Women? Marine Drugs 2020;18:651.https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120651.
  28. Santos TD, de Freitas BCB, Moreira JB, Zanfonato K, Costa JAVJIfs, technologies e. Development of powdered food with the addition of Spirulina for food supplementation of the elderly population. 2016;37:216-20.
  29. Selvaraja C, Arumugam SJGCoA, Science. Effect of Iron Yoga Practices on Core Strength and Flexibility among Football Players. 2018;329.
  30. Warburton DER, Jamnik VK, Bredin SSD, Gledhill N. The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) and Electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+). Health Fit J Can [Internet]. 2011 Apr. 14 [cited 2023 Aug. 7];4(2):3-17. Available from: https://hfjc.library.ubc.ca/index.php/HFJC/article/view/103
  31. Majumdar V, Snigdha A, Manjunath NK, Nagarathna R, Mavathur R, Singh A, et al. Study protocol for yoga-based lifestyle intervention for healthy ageing phenotype in the older adults (yHAP): a two-armed, waitlist randomised controlled trial with multiple primary outcomes. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2021;11(9):e051209. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051209
  32. Baginski C, Bandarrigi M. Restorative yoga.Tehran:Hatmi publisher؛2023.
  33. Azerbaijani, Porasgari. Investigating the effect of aerobic exercise with spirulina supplement on physical indicators, cardio therapy, lipid profile and anthropometric indicators in overweight and obese women. Ethics working group in sports science research institute. 2021 April 21; 7 (2).‎
  34. Dehghani K, Mogharnasi M, Saghebjoo M, Malekaneh M, Sarir HJJoBUoMS. Effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men. 2021;28(3):248-59.
  35. DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhat AG, OKeefe J. Effects of spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids: a review. Open Heart [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 2];7(1):e001003. Available from: https://openheart.bmj.com/content/7/1/e001003
  36. Lympaki F, Giannoglou M, Magriplis E, Bothou DL, Andreou V, Dimitriadis GD, et al. Short-Term Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Glycemic Responses and Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Adults: Results from Two Randomized Clinical Trials. Metabolites 2022;12:1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121180.
  37. Serban M-C, Sahebkar A, Dragan S, Stoichescu-Hogea G, Ursoniu S, Andrica F, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. 2016;35(4):842-51.
  38. Mazokopakis EE, Papadomanolaki MG, Fousteris AA, Kotsiris DA, Lampadakis IM, Ganotakis ESJAogqpotHSoG. The hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective pilot study. 2014;27(4):387.
  39. Hernández-Lepe MA, Olivas-Aguirre FJ, Gómez-Miranda LM, Hernández-Torres RP, Manríquez-Torres JJ, Ramos-Jiménez A. Systematic Physical Exercise and Spirulina maxima Supplementation Improve Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Blood Lipid Profile: Correlations of a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;8(11).
  40. Moura LP, Puga GM, Beck WR, Teixeira IP, Ghezzi A, Silva GA, et al. Exercise and spirulina control non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and lipid profile in diabetic Wistar rats. Lipids Health Dis [Internet]. 2011;10(1):77. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-10-77
  41. Krejčí M, Hill M, Kajzar J, Tichý M, Hošek VJSJoPH. Yoga exercise intervention improves balance control and prevents falls in seniors aged 65+. 2022;61(2):85-92.
  42. Krucoff C, Carson K, Krucoff MJOG. Relax into yoga for seniors: An evidence-informed update for enhancing yoga practice benefits by reducing risk in a uniquely vulnerable age group. 2021;5(1):1-16.
  43. Yang K, Bernardo LM, Sereika SM, Conroy MB, Balk J, Burke LE. Utilization of 3-month yoga program for adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011 Jan 1;2011.
  44. Shantakumari N, Sequeira S. Effects of a yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Indian heart journal. 2013 Mar 1;65(2):127-31.
  45. Papp ME, Lindfors P, Nygren-Bonnier M, Gullstrand L, Wändell PE. Effects of high-intensity hatha yoga on cardiovascular fitness, adipocytokines, and apolipoproteins in healthy students: a randomized controlled study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2016 Jan 1;22(1):81-7.
  46. Ghazvineh D, Daneshvar M, Basirat V, Daneshzad E. The effect of yoga on the lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2022;9. 
Volume 11, Issue 3
September 2023
  • Receive Date: 07 August 2023
  • Revise Date: 09 September 2023
  • Accept Date: 10 September 2023
  • First Publish Date: 10 September 2023