A Review of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural and Food Products of Iran

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Background & Objectives: The implementation of pest control strategies is essential for reducing food waste and providing fresh safe food product. However, the excessive and uncontrolled usage of pesticides have caused serious environmental and health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of pesticide residues in food products in Iran via exploring the relevant published works. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted through online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct and SID to identify the abstracts and titles of the relevant papers using English or Farsi keywords including ‘pesticide residues’, ‘Iran’ and ‘food’ or their Farsi equivalents. Results: So far, several studies have investigated the level of pesticides contamination in different foods and food materials in Iran, which the majority of them evaluated the foods of vegetal origin like cucumber, tomato, melon, etc. Different types of pesticides, including organophosphorus, pyrethroids and organochlorines, were assessed in those studies, where organochlorines were the main tested pesticides in foods of animal origin. According to this review, in some foods of vegetal and animal origin some illegal levels of pesticides can still be seen in different regions of the country. Conclusion: Although the residues of pesticides in food material is an important issue, it seems that the national efforts for determination of those substances in different foodstuffs are inadequate. This indicates that the national food safety authorities and researchers need to be more serious about improving the present status regarding food application of pesticides. 

Keywords


1. Kaushik G, Satya S, Naik SN. Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation - A review. Food Res Int. 2009;42(1):26–40. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2008.09.009
2. Tadeo, Jose L; Sanchez-Brunete, Consuelo; Gonzalez L. Pesticides: Classification and Properties. Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples. 2008. 1-34 p. Available from: http:
3. Samsidar A, Siddiquee S, Shaarani SM. A review of extraction, analytical and advanced methods for determination of pesticides in environment and foodstuffs. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2018;71(July 2017):188–201.
4.  Kumar S, Kayshik G, Dar MA, Nimesh S, Lopez-chucken UJ, Francisco VJ. Microbial Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides: A Review. Pedosphere. 2018;28(2):190–208.
5. Sharma BK. Environmental chemistry. New Delhi, India: Goel Publication House; 2006.
6. Grube A, Donaldson D, Kiely T, Wu L. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. Office of. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency; 2011.
7.  Zheng Y, Liu Z, Jing Y, Li J, Zhan H. An acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on ionic liquid functionalized graphene–gelatin-modified electrode for sensitive detection of pesticides. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2015;210:389–97. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400515000192
8.        Taylor KW, Novak RF, Anderson HA, Birnbaum LS, Blystone C, Devito M, et al. Evaluation of the association between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and diabetes in epidemiological studies: a national toxicology program workshop review. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(7):774–83. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205502
9.        Investigation AN, Pesticide OF, In R, Corps A. An investigation of pesticide residues in agricultural corps of Kermanshah, Iran. Int J Pharm Technol. 2016;8(1):10399–405.
10.      Amirahmadi M, Yazdanpanah H, Shoeibi S, Pirali-Hamedani M, Gholami MO, Mohseninia MF, et al. Simultaneous determination of 17 pesticide residues in rice by GC/MS using a direct sample introduction procedure and spiked calibration curves. Iran J Pharm Res. 2013;12(2):295–302.
11.      Nasiri A, Amirahmadi M, Mousavi Z, Shoeibi S, Khajeamiri A, Kobarfard F. A multi residue GC-MS method for determination of 12 pesticides in cucumber. Iran J Pharm Res. 2016;15(4):809–16.
12. Morteza Z, Mousavi SB, Baghestani MA, Aitio A. An assessment of agricultural pesticide use in Iran, 2012-2014. J Environ Heal Sci Eng. 2017;15(1):1–8.
13. Rezaei M, Shariatifar N, Shoeibi S, Ahmadi MA, Khaniki GJ. Simultaneous determination of residue from 58 pesticides in the wheat flour consumed in Tehran, Iran by GC/MS. Iran J Pharm Res. 2017;16(3):1050–60.
14.  Amirahmadi M, Shoeibi S, Abdollahi M, Rastegar H, Khosrokhavar R, Hamedani MP. Monitoring of some pesticides residue in consumed tea in Tehran market. Iran J Environ Heal Sci Eng. 2013;10(9):1.
15.  Hadian Z, Azizi MH. Determination of residues of different types of pesticides in some fresh and greenhouse vegetables. J Sci Technol Agric Nat Resour. 2009;12(43):195–204.
16. Shoeibi S, Amirahmadi M, Jannat B, Hajimahmoodi M, Goodarzi IM, Behzad M, et al. Pesticide Residue Levels in Melon Samples Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Maz Univ Med Sci 2017; 2017;27(154):184–8.
17.Ashnagar A, Gharib Naseri N, Cheraghi Farmad M. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in cow’s milk marketed in Ahwaz city of Iran. Int J PharmTech Res. 2009;1(2):247–51.
18. Koohi MK, Hejazi M, Mozaffari M, Paktinat SH, Sadeghi Hashjin G. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in dairy products in Tabriz, Iran. JFST. 2010;8(1):83–9.
19.Hashemy-Tonkabony SE, Afshar A, Ghazisaidi K, Assadi-Langaroodi F, Messchi M, Ahmadi Z. Chlorinated pesticide residues in meat and fat from animals raised in iran. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1981;58(2):89–91.
20.Rajaei F, Bahramifar N, Sari AE, Ghasempouri SM. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in ducks of fereydoon-kenar wildlife refuge in Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;84(5):577–81.
21.  Davodi M, Esmaili-Sari A, Bahramifarr N. Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in some edible fish species from the Shadegan Marshes (Iran). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011;74(3):294–300. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.045
22. Bidari A, Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Hosseini MRM, Assadi Y. Sample preparation method for the analysis of some organophosphorus pesticides residues in tomato by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Chem. 2011;126(4):1840–4.